SHIH SHUN LIU
EXTRATERRITORIALITY
Its Rise and Its Decline
(1925)
CHAPTER III : IN THE LEVANT AND AFRICA AFTER 1453
Notes by the Author (^)
[1] De la Juridiction française dans les Eschelles du Levant et de Barbarie, vol. i., p. 29.
[2] See, e.g., Pradier-Fodére, Traité de droit international (Paris, 1885-1906), vol. iv, p. 713; Bonfils, Manuel de droit international public (Paris, 1914), p. 514.
[3] Charrière, Négociations de la France dans le Levant, vol. i, pp. 255 et seq.
[4] Féraud-Giraud, op. cit., vol. i, pp. 31-32.
[5] Cf. Twiss, On Consular Jurisdiction in the Levant, p. 4.
[6] L. Renault, Article on "Capitulations," Grand Encyclopédie, vol. ix, p. 213.
[7] Pears, Fall of Constantinople (New York, 1886), p. 152.
[8] The text, with a French translation, is given in Hammer, Histoire de LEmpire Ottoman (Paris, 1835-43), vol. ii, pp. 523 et seq.
[9] Noradhounghian, Recueil, vol. i, p. 111.
[10] Daru, Histoire de Venise (2nd ed., Paris, 1821), vol. ii, p. 514; Miltitz, op. cit., vol. ii, pt. i, pp. 217-218.
[11] Ibid., pp. 76-77.
[12] Testa, Recueil des traités de la Porte Ottomane (Paris, 1864-1901), vol. i, p. 24; Charrière, op. cit., vol. i, p. 116.
[13] Noradounghian, Recueil, vol. i, p. 83.
[14] Prior to 1740, renewals were made in 1569, 1581, 1597, 1604, 1607, 1609, 1618, 1624, 1640, 1673, and 1684. See Noradounghian, Recueil, vol. i, pp. 88, 35, 37, 93, 108, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 136, 54.
[15] Arts. 15, 26, 52, 65, ibid., pp. 282, 285, 290, 294.
[16] Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 52, 257, vol. iii, p. 131.
[17] See article I of the Capitulations of 1581: "That henceforth Venetian, Genoese, English, Portuguese, Catalonian, Sicilian, Anconian, Ragusian merchants, and all those who have traded [cheminé] under the name and flag of France, from antiquity to to-day, shall trade in the same manner." Hauterive et Cussy, Recueil des traités de commerce et de navigation (Paris, 1834-44), vol. ii, pt. i, p. 446.
[18] On the controversy between France and England regarding the privilege of protection, see Mémoires de St. Priest (Paris, 1877), p. 287; Ambassade en Turquie de Jean de Contaut Biron, Baron de Salignac, 1605 à 1610 (Paris, 1888-89), pp. 136, 143, 146, 155, 156, 160, 184, 415, 419, 422; Additional Act of 1607, Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. i, p. 108.
[19] Arts. 32, 38, ibid., pp. 286, 288.
[20] Ibid., p. 110.
[21] Art. 33, ibid., p. 154.
[22] Treaty of June, 1580, Hakluyt, op. cit., vol. v, p. 264; Oct. 28, 1641, Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. i, p. 48; Sep., 1675 (arts. 15, 16, 24, 42), ibid., pp. 140, 151, 156. The last was renewed in 1838 and 1861, ibid., vol. ii, p. 249; vol. iii, p. 136.
[23] 1612 (arts. 3, 11, 38), Dumont, Corps univ. dip., vol. v, pt. ii, pp. 207, 208, 211; renewals in 1680, 1840, and 1862, Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. i, p. 169; vol. ii, p. 298; vol. iii, p. 180.
[24] July 27, 1718 (art. 5), ibid., vol. i, p. 224; renewals in 1784, 1862, ibid., p. 379; vol. iii, p. 194.
[25] Jan, 10, 1737 (arts, 6, 8), ibid., vol. i, p. 240; renewals in 1840 and 1862, ibid., vol. ii, p. 298; vol. iii, p. 182.
[26] Treaty with the Two Sicilies, April 7, 1740 (art. 5), ibid., vol. i, p 272, which was renewed in 1851, ibid., vol. ii, p. 395; treaty with Tuscany, May 25, 1747 (art. 4), Martens, Supplément au Recueil, vol. i, p. 293, which was renewed in 1833 and 1841, Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 219, 338; treaty with Sardinia, Oct. 25, 1823 (art. 8), ibid., p. 101, which was renewed in 1839 and 1854, ibid., pp. 283, 425. The Kingdom of Italy succeeded to all these treaties by virtue of article I of the treaty of July 10, 1861, ibid., vol. iii, p. 152.
[27] Oct. 14, 1746 (art. 10), ibid., vol. i, p. 311; renewals in 1841 and 1862, ibid., vol. ii, p. 330; vol. iii, p. 183.
[28] Treaty with Prussia, Mar. 23, 1761 (art. 5), ibid., vol. i, p. 317, which was renewed in 1840 and 1862, ibid., vol. ii, p. 314; vol. iii, p. 185; treaty with the Hanseatic League, 1839 (art. 8), State Papers, vol. xxviii, p. 450, which was renewed in 1841 and 1862, Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 345; vol. iii, p. 206. The German Empire succeeded to these treaties by virtue of article 24 of the treaty of Aug. 26. 1890, ibid., vol. iv, p. 493.
[29] July 10/21, 1774 (art. II), ibid., vol. i, p. 325; June 10/21, 1783 (art. 63), p. 369; renewals in 1792, 1812, 1829, 1846, and 1862, ibid., vol. ii, pp. 16, 86, 166, 371; vol. iii, p. 171.
[30] Sept. 14, 1782 (art. 5), ibid., vol. i, p. 345, which was renewed in 1840 and 1862, ibid., vol. ii, p. 298; vol. iii, p. 184.
[31] July 28, 1823 (art. 2), State Papers, vol. xi, p. 838; May 20, 1847 (art. 7), Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 384; Dec. 20, 1875 (arts. 1, 7, 10), ibid., vol. iii, pp. 391, 393, 394.
[32] Aug. 3, 1838 (art. 8), ibid., vol. ii, p. 245; renewals 1839, 1840, 1861, ibid., pp. 276, 302; vol. iii. p. 160.
[33] March 20, 1843 (art. 8). ibid., vol. ii, p, 356; renewal in 1868, ibid., vol. iii, p. 263.
[34] May 23, 1855 (arts. 24, 25), ibid., vol. ii, p. 443.
[35] May 7, 1830 (art. 4), Malloy, vol. ii, p. 1319; renewal in 1862, ibid., p. 1321.
[36] Feb. 5, 1858 (art. 7), Noradounghian, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 107.
[37] May 6, 1866 (arts. 10, 13), ibid., p. 249.
[38] See Chapter X.
[39] Great Britain, April 10, 1682 (arts. 15, 16), State Papers, vol. i, p. 358; April 5, 1686 (arts. 15, 16), ibid., p. 364; France, May 17, 1666 (art. 11), Rouard de Card, Les Traités de la France avec les pays d'Afrique du Nord (Paris, 1906), p. 36; April 25, 1684 (arts. 17, 19, 22), ibid., p. 49; Sep. 24, 1689 (arts. 18, 21, 24), ibid., p. 58; Dec. 28, 1801 (arts. 2, 12), ibid., pp. 83, 84; U.S., Sep. 5, 1795 (arts. 15, 16), Malloy, vol. 1, p. 4; June 30/July 6, 1815 (arts. 19, 20), ibid., p. 10; Portugal, June 14, 1813 (art. 10), State Papers, vol. i, p. 187; Sicily, April 3, 1816 (art. 9), ibid., vol. iii, p. 525. When France occupied Algiers in 1830, these treaties came to an end. See Chapter V.
[40] France, Sep. 17, 1631 (art. 9), Dumont, op. cit., vol. vi, pt. i, p. 20; Sep. 24, 1631 (arts. 9, 10, 12), ibid.; Jan, 29, 1682 (arts. 12, 13, 16), Rouard de Card, op. cit., p. 318; May 28, 1767 (arts. 12, 13). ibid., p. 324; Great Britain, Jan. 23, 1721 (art. 9), State Papers, vol. i, p. 430; Add. Articles, July 10, 1729 (art. 3), ibid., p. 431; Jan. 15, 1750 (art. 3), ibid., p. 433; Feb. 1, 1751 (art. 3), ibid., p. 435; July 28, 1760 (art. 9), ibid., p. 439; April 8, 1791 (arts. 7, 8), ibid., pp. 447, 448; June 14, 1801 (arts. 7, 8), ibid., pp. 456, 457; Jan. 19, 1824, ibid., vol. xiv, p. 641; Dec. 9, 1856 (arts. 8, 9, 14), ibid., vol. xlvi, pp. 179-181; U.S., Jan., 1787 (arts. 20, 21), Malloy, vol. i, p. 1210; Sep. 16, 1836 (arts. 20, 21), ibid., p. 1215; The Netherlands, May 26, 1683 (arts. 15, 16), Dumont, op. cit., vol. vii, pt. ii, p. 68; Denmark, July 25, 1767 (art. 14), State Papers, vol. ci, p. 285; Spain, March 1, 1799 (art. 6), Martens, Recueil des principaux traités, vol. vi, p. 585; Nov. 20, 1861 (arts. 9, 10, 11), State Papers, vol. liii, p. 1093; Sardinia, June 30, 1825 (art. 22), ibid., vol. xcviii, p. 979. The majority of these States, except Great Britain and the United States, have suspended their extraterritorial rights in Morocco. See Chapter VIII.
[41] Great Britain, Oct. 18, 1662 (arts, 8, 10), State Papers, vol. i, p. 712; March 5, 1675 (arts. 14, 15), ibid., p. 716; July 19, 1716 (arts. 11, 12), ibid., p. 722; Sep. 19, 1751 (arts. 11, 12), ibid., p. 727; France, Jan. 29, 1685 (arts. 18, 20, 23), Rouard de Card, op. cit., pp. 249, 250; July 4, 1720 (arts. 15, 17, 20), ibid., pp. 259, 260; June 9, 1729 (arts. 23, 25, 29), ibid., pp. 268, 269; June 18, 1801 (arts. 18, 19, 23), ibid., pp. 281, 282, 283; Aug. 11, 1830 (art. 8), ibid., p. 292; Spain, Sep. 10, 1784 (arts. 31, 32, 34), Martens, Recueil de traités, vol. iii, pp. 773, 775; U.S., Nov. 4. 1796 (art. 9), Malloy, vol. ii, p. 1786; June 4, 1805 (arts. 18, 19), ibid., p. 1792. When Tripoli was annexed by Italy in 1912, the extraterritorial régime in that country came to an end. See Chapter V.
[42] France, Nov. 25, 1665 (arts. 21, 22, 23), Rouard de Card, op. cit., pp. 121, 122; June 28, 1672 (arts. 21, 22, 23), ibid., p. 135; Aug. 30, 1685 (arts. 18, 21, 24), ibid., pp. 146, 147; Dec. 16, 1710 (arts. 13, 16, 19), ibid., p. 159; Feb. 20, 1720 (arts. 14, 16, 19), ibid., pp. 166. 167; Nov. 9. 1742 (arts. 13, 16, 19), ibid., pp. 177, 178; renewals in 1743 (art. 1), 1802 (art. 2), 1824 (art. 2), and 1830 (art. 7), ibid., pp. 182, 204, 208, 215; Great Britain, Oct. 5, 1662 (art. 8), State Papers, vol. i, p. 734; Aug. 30, 1716 (art. 8), ibid., p. 736; Oct. 19, 1751 (art. 8), ibid., p. 740; July 19, 1875 (arts. 24-26), ibid., vol. lxvi, p. 101; U.S., Aug., 1797 (arts. 20, 21, 22), Malloy, vol. ii, p. 1709. The texts or extracts of all the principal treaties between Tunis and the European Powers prior to the year 1881 are given in Documents diplomatiques, revision des traités tunisiens, 1881-1897, pp. 7-41. Since that date, the majority of the Powers have suspended their rights of jurisdiction in Tunis. Great Britain claims, however, that these rights are subject to resumption. See Chapter VIII.
[43] France, Sep., 1708 (arts. 16, 18, 24), Hauterive et Cussy, Recueil des traités (Paris, 1834-44), pt. i. vol. ii, pp. 385, 386, 388, confirmed in 1715 and 1808, ibid., pp. 402, 410; July 12, 1855 (art. 5). Martens et Cussy, Recueil manuel et pratique, (Leipzig, 1885-88), vol. vii, p. 578; Russia, Feb. 10/22, 1828 (arts. 7, 8), State Papers, vol. xlv, pp. 867, 868; Great Britain, July 2, 1763 (art. 4), Martens, N. R. G., vol. xvi, pt. ii. p. 94; Spain, March 4, 1842 (art. 5), State Papers, vol. lviii, p. 594; U.S., Dec. 13, 1856 (art. 5), Malloy, vol. ii, p. 1372; Sardinia, April 26, 1857 (art. 5), State Papers, vol. xlix, p. 1343; Austria, May 17, 1857 (art. 9), ibid., vol. xlvii, p. 1162; Prussia, June 25, 1857 (art. 5), ibid., vol. lix, p. 910; Belgium, July 31, 1857 (art. 5), ibid., vol. xlvii, p. 624; Greece, Oct. 16/28, 1861 (art. 9), ibid., vol. li, p. 537; Italy, Sept. 24/29, 1862 (art. 5), ibid., vol. lvii, p. 319; Germany, June 11, 1873 (art. 13), ibid., vol. lxiii, p. 49; Switzerland, July 23, 1873 (art. 5), ibid., p. 626; Turkey, Dec. 16, 1873 (arts. 7, 10), Archives diplomatiques, 1875, vol. iv, p. 142. The extraterritorial privileges of the following States in Persia rest on most-favored-nation clauses: Great Britain, March 4, 1857 (art. 9), State Papers, vol. xlvii, p. 44; Sweden & Norway, Nov. 17, 1857 (art. 3), ibid., vol. lxxv, p. 907; Denmark, Nov. 30, 1857 (art. 3), ibid., vol. xlvii, p. 1157; Argentina, July 27, 1902 (art. 3), ibid., vol. xcvi, p. 1240; Mexico, May 14, 1902 (art. 3), ibid., p. 174; Chile, Mar. 30, 1903 (art. 3), ibid., vol. c, p. 827.
[44] U. S., Sep. 21, 1833 (art. 9), Malloy, vol. i, p. 1230; Great Britain, May 31, 1839 (art. 5), State Papers, vol. xxviii, p. 1082; March 19, 1891 (arts. 13, 14), ibid., vol. lxxxiii, pp. 15-16; France, Nov. 17, 1844 (art. 6), ibid., vol. xxxv, p. 1012.
[45] Hanseatic Republics, June 13, 1859 (art. 12), ibid., vol. 1, p. 1121; Portugal, Oct. 25, 1879 (art. 12), ibid., vol. lxx, p. 1249; Italy, May 28. 1885 (art. 5), ibid., vol. lxxvi, p. 270; Belgium, May 30, 1885 (art. 1.), ibid., p. 291; Germany, Dec. 20, 1885 (art. 16), ibid., p. 253; Great Britain, April 30, 1886 (arts. 16, 17), ibid., vol. lxxvii, p. 60; U. S., July 3, 1886, (art. 2), Malloy, vol. ii, p. 1900; Austria-Hungary, Aug. 11, 1887 (art. 1), State Papers, vol. lxxviii, p. 943. Extraterritoriality ended in Zanzibar soon after the British protectorate over that country took effect in 1890. See Chapter VIII.
[46] Great Britain, Jan. 15, 1821 (art. 6), State Papers, vol. xii, p. 503; France, Firman of the Iman, Dec. 26, 1824, Martens et Cussy, Recueil manuel et pratique, vol. iii, p. 616.
[47] Sec. 5 of the Separate Act annexed to the Convention of London, 1840, stipulated for the application of all the treaties and laws of the Ottoman Empire in Egypt. State Papers, vol. xxviii, p. 346. Since Egypt was placed under British protection in 1914, some of the Powers have abandoned their capitulatory rights in Egypt. See Chapter VIII.
[48] Great Britain, Dec. 16, 1884 (arts. 5-8), State Papers, vol. lxxv, p. 32; Sweden & Norway, Feb. 10, 1885 (arts. 7-9), ibid., vol. lxxvi. p. 581; Turkey, June 25, 1885 (art. 6), ibid., vol. ci, p. 632. Most-favored-nation treatment was extended to Germany, Nov. 8, 1884 (art. 2): Italy, Dec. 19, 1884 (art. 2) ; the Netherlands, Dec. 27, 1884 (art. 2); Austria-Hungary, Dec. 24, 1884 (art. 2); Spain, Jan. 7, 1885 (art. 2); Russia, Feb. 5, 1885 (art. 2) ; France. Feb. 5, 1885 (art. 1); Portugal, Feb. 14, 1885 (art. 1); Denmark, Feb. 23, 1885 (art. 3); and the United States, Jan. 24, 1891 (art. 1). For these treaties see State Papers, vol. lxxv, pp. 355, 634, 323, 991; vol. lxxvi, pp. 576, 1010, 578, 583, 587; Malloy, vol. i, p. 329. The régime of extraterritoriality in Congo came to an end when the country was placed under the sovereignty of Belgium in 1908. See Chapter V.
[49] Great Britain, Nov. 2, 1849 (art.17), State Papers, vol. xxxvii, p, 6; Italy, May 2, 1889 (arts. 10, 12), ibid., vol. lxxxi, pp. 734, 735; U.S., Dec. 27, 1903 (art. 3), Malloy, vol. i, p. 466; June 27, 1914 (art. 3), ibid., vol. iii (Washington, 1923), p. 2578. The American treaties contain most-favored-nation clauses "in respect to customs duties, imposts and jurisdiction."
[50] France, Sep. 12, 1862 (art. 9), State Papers, vol. liii, p. 155; Aug. 8, 1868 (arts. 6, 7), ibid., vol. lviii, p. 192; Great Britain, June 27, 1865 (art. 11), ibid., vol. lv, p. 23; U.S., Feb. 14, 1867 (art. 5), Malloy, vol. i, p. 1060; May 13, 1881 (art. 6), ibid., p. 1067. The following treaties contained most-favored-nation clauses: Germany, May 15, 1883 (art. 2), State Papers, vol. lxxiv, p. 717; Italy, July 6, 1883 (art. 2), ibid., vol. lxxvi, p. 301. The system of consular jurisdiction ceased to operate in Madagascar soon after the island was occupied by France in 1896. See Chapter V.
[51] Turkey: France, 1535; 1604 (arts. 24, 43); 1673 (arts. 16, 37); 1740 (art. 15); Great Britain, 1675 (art. 16); the Netherlands, 1612 (art. 11), 1680 (art. 5); Austria, 1718 (art. 5); Sweden, 1737 (art. 6); Sicily, 1740 (art. 5); Sardinia, 1823 (art. 8); Tuscany, 1833 (art. 6); Denmark, 1746 (art. 10); Prussia, 1761 (art. 5); Hanseatic League, 1839 (art. 8); Russia, 1783 (art. 63); Persia, 1823 (art. 2); 1875 (art. 7); Greece, 1855 (art. 24); Mexico, 1866 (art. 10).
Algiers: Great Britain, 1682 (art. 15); 1686 (art. 15); France, 1684 art. 17); 1689 (art. 18); U.S., 1795 (art. 15); 1815 (art. 19) ; Portugal, 1813 (art. 10); Sicily, 1816 (art. 9).
Morocco: France, Sep. 17, 1631 (art. 9); Sep. 24, 1631 (art. 9); 1682 (art. 12); Great Britain, 1721 (art. 9); 1760 (art. 9); 1791 (art. 7); 1856 (art. 8); U.S., 1787 (art. 20); 1836 (art. 20); the Netherlands, 1683 (art. 15); Spain, 1861 (art. 10).
Tripoli: Great Britain, 1662 (art. 8); 1675 (art. 14); 1716 (art. 11); 1751 (art. 11); France, 1685 (art. 18); 1720 (art. 15); 1729 (art. 23); 1801 (art. 18); Spain, 1784 (art. 34); U.S., 1805 (art. 18).
Tunis: France, 1665 (art. 23); 1672 (art. 23); 1685 (art. 18); 1710 (art. 13); 1720 (art. 14); 1742 (art. 13); Great Britain, 1716 (art. 8); 1751 (art. 8); 1875 (art. 24); U.S., 1797 (art. 20).
Persia: France, 1708 (art. 16); 1855 (art. 5); Russia, 1828 (arts. 7, 8); U.S., 1856 (art. 5); Sardinia, 1857 (art. 5); Austria, 1857 (art. 9); Prussia, 1857 (art. 5); Belgium, 1857 (art. 5); Italy, 1862 (art. 5); Germany, 1873 (art. 13); Switzerland, 1873 (art. 5); Turkey, 1873 (art. 7).
Muscat: U.S., 1833 (art. 9); Great Britain, 1839 (art. 5); 1891 (art. 13); France, 1844 (art. 6).
Zanzibar: Hanseatic Republics, 1859 (art. 12); Portugal, 1879 (art. 12); Italy, 1885 (art. 5); Germany, 1885 (art. 16); Great Britain, 1886 (art. 16).
Congo: Great Britain, 1884 (art. 5); Sweden and Norway, 1885 (art. 6); Turkey, 1885 (art. 6).
Ethiopia: Great Britain, 1849 (art. 17); Italy, 1889 (art. 10).
Madagascar: France, 1862 (art. 9); 1868 (art. 6); Great Britain, 1865 (art. 11); U.S., 1867 (art. 5); 1881 (art. 6, § 2).
[52] Turkey: France, 1535; 1604 (art. 42); 1673 (art. 36); 1740 (arts. 26, 65); Great Britain, 1675 (arts. 24, 42); the Netherlands, 1612 (art. 38); 1680 (art. 36); Sweden, 1737 (art. 8); Sicily, 1740 (art. 5); Sardinia, 1823 (art. 8); Denmark, 1746 (art. 10); Prussia, 1761 (art. 5); the Hanseatic League, 1839 (art. 8); Russia, 1783 (art. 63); Spain, 1782 (art. 5); Belgium, 1838 (art. 8); Portugal, 1843 (art. 8); U.S., 1830 (art. 4); Mexico, 1866 (arts. 10, 13).
Algiers: France, 1666 (art. 11); 1684 (art. 22); 1689 (art. 24); 1801 (art. 12); U.S., 1815 (art. 20); Portugal, 1813 (art. 10); Sicily, 1816 (art. 9).
Morocco: France, 1682 (art. 16); 1767 (art. 13); Great Britain, 1750 (art. 3); 1791 (art. 7); 1801 (art. 7); 1824 (art. 7); U.S., 1787 (art. 21); 1836 (art. 21); Denmark, 1767 (art. 14); Sardinia, 1825 (art. 22).
Tripoli: France, 1685 (arts. 20, 23): 1720 (arts. 18, 20); 1720 (arts. 25, 29); 1801 (arts. 19, 23); Spain, 1784 (arts. 31, 32); U.S., 1805 (art. 19).
Tunis: France, 1685 (arts. 21, 24); 1710 (arts. 16, 19); 1720 (art. 19); 1742 (arts. 16, 10); Great Britain, 1875 (arts. 25, 26); U.S., 1797 (arts. 21, 22).
Persia: France, 1708 (art. 18); 1855 (art. 5); Russia, 1828 (arts. 7, 8); Spain, 1842 (art. 5); U.S., 1856 (art. 5); Sardinia, 1857 (art. 5); Belgium, 1857 (art. 5); Greece, 1861 (art. 9); Italy, 1862 (art. 5); Germany, 1873 (art. 13); Switzerland, 1873 (art. 5).
Ethiopia: Italy, 1889 (art. 11).
Madagascar: France, 1862 (art. 9); 1868 (art. 6); Great Britain, 1865 (art. 11); U.S., 1867 (art. 5).
In many cases, it was specified that only the higher authorities of the native administration could have cognizance of mixed cases between foreigners and natives. See the following treaties:
Algiers: Great Britain, 1682 (arts. 15, 16); 1686 (art. 11); France, 1666 (art. 11): 1684 (art. 19); 1689 (arts. 21, 24); 1801 (art. 12); U. S., 1795 (arts. 15, 16).
Morocco: France, 1682 (art. 13); 1767 (art. 12); Great Britain, 1721 (art. 9): 1760 (art. 9): 1791 (art. 8); 1801 (art. 8); 1824 (art. 8).
Tripoli: Great Britain, 1675 (art. 14); 1716 (art. 11); 1751 (art. 11).
Tunis: France, 1665 (art. 22); 1672 (art. 22); 1685 (art. 21); 1710 (art. 16); 1720 (art. 16).
[53] Morocco: Great Britain. 1856 (art. 9); Spain, 1861 (art. 11).
Muscat: Great Britain, 1839 (art. 5); 1891 (art. 13); France, 1844 (art. 6).
Zanzibar: Hanseatic League, 1859 (art. 12); Portugal. 1879 (art. 12); Italy, 1885 (art. 5); Germany, 1885 (art. 16); Great Britain. 1886 (art. 16).
Madagascar: U.S., 1881 (art. 6, §§ 7-14).
[54] Turkey: France, 1740 (art. 52).
Algiers: U.S., 1815 (art. 19).
Morocco: Great Britain, 1856 (art. 14).
Tunis: France, 1665 (art. 23); 1672 (art. 23); Great Britain, 1875 (art. 24).
Persia: France, 1855 (art. 5); Sardinia, 1857 (art. 5); Austria, 1857 (art. 9); Prussia, 1857 (art. 5); Belgium, 1857 (art. 5); Italy, 1862 (art. 5); Germany, 1873 (art. 13); Switzerland, 1873 (art. 5).
Muscat: Great Britain, 1839 (art. 5); 1891 (art. 13); France, 1844 (art. 6).
Zanzibar: Hanseatic League, 1859 (art. 12); Portugal, 1879 (art. 12); Italy, 1885 (art. 5); Germany, 1885 (art. 16); Great Britain. 1886 (art. 16).
Ethiopia: Great Britain, 1849 (art. 17).
Madagascar: France, 1862 (art. 9); 1868 (art. 6); Great Britain, 1865 (art. 11); U.S., 1881 (art. 6, § 3).